2.
   2021
/   

(   )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    ?     
2. UEE      ?            
        
 -
3.              
     
4.          
?     '
 
2.
 -
5.     ,      
6.   2009      
-
7.      ? CBSE       
8. UGC           
2.
   2021
/   

(   )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    ?     
:   ?        
        
      
       
 ,       
          
      
     
          
, ,          


   ?
        
      ' 6  14
            ,     ' 
 ( 1-5)      ( 6-8)   
  ',               
                 
   '   ,  :
2.



 
 
 -
   -    
     , 
       ,   
 
             ,    
  -             
,     ,     ,     -
,            
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
   
      ,          
  
1.     
         -      
       ,        
  
2.    
    , ,        
, ,          
    
3.  
       ,  ,       
          
4.     - 
2.
 , ,       -
    -        
5.     
   ,           
  
   
 
   
           
  
 
,      
1.     
              ,   
     
         ,      
               
   
 ,      '      
 ,  
      ,         
 ,     
        
2.         
                   
-    , ,       
      
       
               

       :
      
2.
   
 -     
 ,         
3.       
         
  ,   :
-
 
 
   

 ,        
 ,     
   
      
 -     -   
4.         
      '        
     
 
    :

  
 
 -
 
 -            
 
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
 
2.
5.   
 
         
          :
 
   
  
    
     ,         
 ,        
 -       
6.       
       
     "
" 
""       
       
     '   :
     
   
    
          
7.        
            
 , ,          
,            
            
      
2.
8.    
                 
 
     
 ,  :
  
   
  
 -              
      
9.     

      ,        
-         :
      
     
   
  '  
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"   ,  
   "
10.      

      ,   ,    

   :
 


2.

         

           -        
  ,          
   , -  - ,     
,        
,      

       :
  
   
  
  
 
    ,          
   ,  
   ,  
  
 
 - 
        
2. UEE      ?            
        
:    (UEE)        
              6  14    
               
 21A          (2009)     
   :         
  ,   
        , UEE     
 
1. UEE  
2.
UEE    :
 :         ,     
    
 :6-14          
  
 :   
 ;  
    
  :    
,       
  
  :  - ,  ,   '  
  -     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : UEE       ,   ,    
2. UEE  
    , UEE     :
       :         
        
    :, , ,     
  
     :  ,  
,  -  '   
     : ,   
  '        
        :   ,   
  
   '   :-      
 
UEE     
  UEE    ,         
         ' 
1.         
          ,      
                
,             
    
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,   
2.  -   
              
  
             
           '  
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:        
3.     
    ,             
       ,    ,     
  (   )          
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,    
4.   
     '    ,    ' 

      
     
                
   ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,    

5.      
 ,        ,     
          -     
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
6.     
   (SSA)  RTE        
              
  
     ,        

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,     
2.
7.       
  ,      
   
               
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             
8.  
    ,             
    
  -19     , 
  
    
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,      
 
9.   
/

 
- ,   
 
,  ,   
 
   ,  ,    
 
   ,    
  
    '   
  
, ,   
 
 ,   
              
       - , , ,    -  
   ,    ,       
              
 
,   ,        
2.
 -
3.              
     
:   
       
       
   
     ,     ' 14  18 
      ,   9
 12
     
          , -   

  ',  ,          
   '     , ,  , , 
            
      
       
,         
            ,   
 ,  '        '  
                 '
            , 
      
      :
  : ,        
       ,  
   ,   
  :, ,      
        
     : , ,    
  
  :   ,     
        
  :       

  
 
  ,           - 
              
2.
       
      ,       
      '     ,     
           ,  ,  
      
 
         '  
1.    
               
            ,    ,
    -      
   ,      -     
            
      
  '       '    , 
  
 ,            
2.    
         '    
      ,     
   ,
 "
?", "?",  " ?"    
 ,      ,       
     ,    -    
 
           -    ,
       
3.    
2.
            
, , ,   -      -     
 
                
      ,         
  
            
      '    
      
4.     
             
        :
  ?
    ?
      ?
         - ,   
    
   ,    ,    
        -     
         
5.    
-       ,    '     
       -      ,    , 
   
                ,
      
           
  
               
2.
6.       
             , ,
  ,          
  ,         
 ,         
         ,    
           
7.     
  ',   -       
          '       
  
,          
             
;  
   -   
8.   
         ,     
        
   -        

  , ,  -      
       

          -      
           , 
  , -    ,        
   ,       ,       
         ' ,   ' ,
2.
  ' ,   '         

             
    '      '     '
  
4.          
?     '
 
:1.      
?
a)          
             
 
        
   , ,  ,    
    
        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :    -    
 
)       
          
   
 
 
   -     ,    
       
       
    
 
c) -   
     
               ' 
  
     '  
 
d)      
      
2.
   ..,  ,     
    
          
 
e)   
     -      
 -, ,    
 
         
2.    
a)   
      
 
     (  )     
          
)    
           
           
 
        
 
c)     
     '       
             

 ,          
  
d)    
    ,       
    '     

         
3.        
    ,         
  
a)      
2.
       ,    

   ,      
)         
       
,  ,         
 
           
c)    
          
       ,      
     
      
 
d)   
        
 -    
       
          
e)  
         
           
            

f)  
   ,       
 
  ,     , 
    
g)   
    '          
     
           
4.    
2.
       
 -     , 
          ,   ,  
          
   
      
  
:
         
      
      
      
        
              
            
,  
   
5.   
  


  
 
  
 
   
   

  
 
  
 
- 

    
  
   

 

 
  
 
   
 
   
     ,   -   
  
          
   ,
             , 
     ,     ,  -  
    
2.
 -
5.     ,      
:   (SSA)         
      "   "    
     
 -            -      
   SSA      ,        
    , , ,         
     
     ,     ,   
   
   
   (SSA)    2001        
  6  14             
             
 
  ,      
       -
      ,  -       
,
              , 
  ,     ,      
      
             (RTE), 2009  
          SSA     
   
  ,              
            
   
                
 '       
2.
1.  
                 
             

2.  
         SSA      
           ,   ,  
            
 
3.        
  ,             SSA ,
, ,       ,     
 
 ,          , 
        ,          
4.      
  -   
 -      SSA   :
   
   
- 
 
          
5.   
                
,   ,          
         
6.      
    ,        
        ,        

2.
7.      
         , SSA  
,        
 
               
     

     
       , SSA      
               
    

1.      
       ,      ,  ,   
            
 
2.          
  ,    
        ,
               
  
 
3.     
  ,       '   ,      
             
4.     
  SSA     ,      
               
     

5.     
     -    ,    ,    - 
         
6.     
2.
                 
       
7.  
-  -     ,      
        ,        
 

          -      
       ,     ,  
 ,
    
            ,     ,
        ,   ,   
          
   
  
 
         
 ,    ,  
 ,          ,     
        
 
6.   2009      
:   (RTE) , 2009    
       
     ,  
  (RTE), 2009           
               
          ,     ,
     
1.   
2009  ,      -   ,     
'   ,      
2.
             '   ,
     

2002 , 86
    21      

     ,     2009     
 1  2010   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : RTE           
 - 
       
2.     
  6  14             
    
a)     
          
  
 
       
               
)  
           
          
c)        
   25%    '       
  
     
 
)   
 , ,       '    
 

      
e)     
   , ,   ,      
 
    -     

2.
f)     
 -   ,     '  
            (CCE) 
 
g)    
( )

       
   
          
 ,            
  
3.    
    :
       
       
       
   

       
   (SMCs) 
     
 
4.    
  :          
   
:          
   : -       
 - :-      '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        
 -   ,
     
5.     
    ,         :
    :      ,   
     
   :
        


2.
 :     ;          
   
    :,  ,    (    
)        
     :          25% 
   
    :         


6.   
          ,     
   '              ,  
               
  '     "   "     , 
  '            ,    
        
7.   

 
   
 
   25%

  
  
   
    
-

  

- 
   ,
 
   , 2009          
              
  ,       ,   ,
             
 
2.
-
7.      ? CBSE       
:   
                ,  
      -       
  
1.       
                 
   ,  -           
       
 ,        ,       
   
            ,
          
         '  
     
           
    
2.       
    
            
        , , ,  , 
    
   '  ,    
    
              
    '      
  ,        ,   
  
      
3.     
2.
         -    
      ,          
   
             
   '   ,        
             
 
4.        
               
 '                 
        
    ,  ,       
      
 ,            
5.     
   -    
   , ,  
      
-   ,    
    
-    ,     

6.        
     ,  -    
           
    
       ,       
2.
 (   )  
             ,    '
CBSE                  
      -     
      
1.     
              '
 
 -       '      ,
-         
 ,         -  
               
2.     
        10
 12
  
   
            
                
         ,    
  
         
3.     
              
  
   ,          ,  ,
,     
2.
    
          
   
4. -     
    ,    ,       
  
           
 '     ,         
 
         
5.      (CCE)   
            
 
 ,  ,  ,    
 
       
       
   
            
 
6.      
    '       
        '      
 
   ,   ,   
   
 ,        
7.    '   
2.
            
     ,   , 
     
-   
               
 ,           
8.      
  ,      
  
    
      
 ,      
  
           ,    
   

             
 
 ,     ,   
 , 
       
  ,      ,    
          , - 
 ,    ,     , 
     
     
  ,         ,    
           ,    
   
8. UGC           
:   (UGC)        
       ,       
2.
     ,         

1.  
             

       ' 28  1953   , 
  1956           
            
: 
, , , ,       

:            
     
:         ,  
 ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :             
     ,    ,    

2.   
               
:
a)     
    ,        
, ,         
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
)       
,     -    
 ,  ,       
  
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
            

c)     
2.
,          
        
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
d)     
            
            
    NAAC (    ) 
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,        

e)      
,            
JRF (  )  SRF (  )  
  
  -    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
 
f)  
           
   (NET)    
  
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔UGC NET        
g)    
          
 ,  ,        
   
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
       
h)     
         
2.
           
   (NEP)         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 -         
  
3.   
  :  
      

   :         
   :      
   :         
 
 :,  ,       
4.    
 :          
 ,         
   :         '  
 
    :  ,       
    
    :          
   :NEP 2020  UGC ,      
     
5.   


 
1953 ( , 1956    )






, ,   
  
, , NET ,  ,  

  
 ,     , 
  

 ,  ,   ,  
   (UGC)          
   ,    ,  
 ,  
     
         
   ,         
2.
       2020  , UGC       , 
 
       '     
"                 
 
          ,         
 "